{"id":191,"date":"2018-04-28T16:32:24","date_gmt":"2018-04-28T16:32:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hemagnosis.com\/blog\/wp\/?p=191"},"modified":"2020-03-02T18:33:23","modified_gmt":"2020-03-03T02:33:23","slug":"blos-primary-source-oxidative-stress","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/glixin.com\/wordpress\/oxidative-stress-general-information\/blos-primary-source-oxidative-stress\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Oxidative Stress? It’s from the blood!"},"content":{"rendered":"

What is Oxidative Stress?\u00a0 Let’s review the two sources of Oxidative Stress and determine which source is more important.\u00a0 General Oxidative Stress (GOS) is thought to be the only source of Oxidative Stress.\u00a0 However, Blood can also generate Oxidative Stress, which is also known as BLOS.\u00a0 This post provides information about why BLOS is more important compared to GOS.\u00a0 EBooks (and Books)<\/a> and BLOS Health Hack Kits<\/a> may help you fight BLOS for better health.<\/p>\n

\"General<\/a>
BLOS may be the primary source of Oxidative Stress causing multiple health problems.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

General Oxidative Stress<\/h2>\n

The mechanistic model of GOS starts with an elevated rate of metabolism that results in mitochondrial dysfunction.\u00a0 In turn, this leads to an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). \u00a0 Medical researchers observe GOS in tissue cultures, but it is difficult to observe in the human body.\u00a0 How many biopsies are needed to identify the tissues sources of GOS?\u00a0 Instead, medical researchers rely on diagnostic methods<\/a> that evaluate ROS or oxidation end products in blood, urine, or breath.<\/p>\n

General Oxidative Stress and ROS<\/h3>\n

ROS includes O2<\/sub>\u2212<\/sup> (superoxide<\/a> radical), OH (hydroxyl<\/a> radical) and H2<\/sub>O2<\/sub> (hydrogen peroxide<\/a>).\u00a0 Most folks are familiar with the many uses of hydrogen peroxide for cleaning, disinfecting, and more<\/a>.\u00a0 For your health, excessive production of ROS including hydrogen peroxide can be dangerous.\u00a0 The ROS molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and react with biomolecules throughout the body.\u00a0 The end products of these ROS reactions can be measured in blood, urine, and breath<\/a>.\u00a0 The general consensus on the primary cause of GOS is the high caloric content of the Western Diet.<\/p>\n

Alcohol Consumption and Oxidative Stress<\/h4>\n

Excessive alcohol consumption is a special case of GOS.\u00a0 It causes short periods of ROS generation in the liver and other organs.\u00a0 Short periods of ROS generation is a primary characteristic of GOS.\u00a0 It is due to the reliance on excessive substrate availability necessary for the elevated rate of metabolism.\u00a0 A second source of Oxidative Stress is from blood cells, which received little attention from medical researchers or the general public.<\/p>\n

Blood Oxidative Stress<\/h2>\n

White blood cells and platelets can generate high rates of ROS, which is alarming when the patient does not<\/strong> have an infection.\u00a0 In 2008, Walter Paulus’ research group reported on ROS+ blood cells in both healthy (non-hospitalized) and congestive heart failure (CHF) patients.\u00a0 Here is the link<\/a> for the Abstract of the research article describing Blood Oxidative Stress or BLOS.\u00a0 This article provides interesting BLOS data and I will focus on the most important findings, which escaped the attention of the researchers.\u00a0 How could the research community miss it?\u00a0 They missed it, because there are over 200,000 research articles about Oxidative Stress<\/strong>!\u00a0 The Paulus’ paper is the proverbial “needle in the haystack” for Oxidative Stress.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Mitochondrial ROS<\/h3>\n

BLOS was reported in two different ways (Cytoplasmic vs. Mitochondrial) in two different blood samples (Arterial vs. Venous) from two different groups (“healthy” vs. CHF patients).\u00a0 The level of BLOS (or BLOS#) refers to the percent of ROS+ blood cells (i.e., generate high levels of ROS).\u00a0 The most accurate measurement of BLOS# is the Mitochondrial measurement for the Arterial sample.\u00a0 Consequently, the Venous samples will always be the same or slightly greater compared to the Arterial measurement.\u00a0 This is due to the ROS transfer from a source (ROS+ blood cells nearby or GOS).<\/p>\n

\"BLOS<\/a>
ROS+ blood cells generate BLOS, the primary source of Oxidative Stress<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Here is a table that brings together the most interesting data in the paper.<\/p>\n

\"Comparison<\/a>
Comparison of % of Blood Cells with Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress for Healthy vs. CHF patients<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

So, What is Oxidative Stress?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Let’s start with the easier set of data for the CHF patients.\u00a0 It is clear that the BLOS# for the Arterial and Venous samples are identical.\u00a0 I interpret this as little contribution from GOS (1.5% of the Total Oxidative Stress or 1\/65).\u00a0 Otherwise, the BLOS# for the Venous sample would be much higher.\u00a0 The Venous sample could have false positives or blood cells with high levels of ROS transferred from true ROS+ cells.\u00a0 Granted, there are fewer ROS- blood cells available (36%) for ROS to enter.\u00a0 However, the high level of BLOS should also generate even more ROS available in the plasma to diffuse into the ROS- blood cells.<\/p>\n

To be complete, small vessel disease (SVD) could also increase the BLOS# for the Venous sample.\u00a0 SVD would increase the time available within the capillary network for ROS to transfer from a ROS+ blood cell to a ROS- blood cells.\u00a0 This does not appear to be the case for the CHF patients.\u00a0 Now let’s review the data for the “healthy” people.<\/p>\n

Non-Hospitalized Just Means Non-Hospitalized<\/h3>\n

The group of “healthy” people have a much lower BLOS# for both Arterial and Venous samples compared to the group of CHF patients.\u00a0 Now, non-hospitalized doesn’t mean healthy.\u00a0 Certainly, one can be unhealthy and non-hospitalized.\u00a0 There is a clear difference between the Venous and Arterial BLOS# averages.\u00a0 The final row in the table provides the difference between the two values.\u00a0 It suggests that 30% (5\/17) of the Total Oxidative Stress may be due to GOS or SVD or a combination of the two.\u00a0 Here is my explanation for the higher estimate.<\/p>\n

Not All BLOS is Equal<\/h3>\n

If you examine the BLOS# values for Cytoplasmic Oxidative Stress, there is a much greater difference in the healthy group.\u00a0 The simplest explanation is that the rate of ROS generation from the ROS+ blood cells is much greater in the healthy group versus the CHF patients.\u00a0 (There is a figure in the paper not shown here that provides this evidence<\/em>)\u00a0 Perhaps, the healthy group are more (metabolically) active compared to the CHF patients?\u00a0 This means that GOS is probably much lower than 30%.\u00a0 The CHF group suggests 1.5%, which is closer to 5-10% of the Total Oxidative Stress.<\/p>\n

General Oxidative Stress Is Not Important<\/h3>\n

Another possible factor could be that GOS may not be active at the time of sampling.\u00a0 This explanation also suggests that GOS is not as important compared to BLOS.\u00a0 BLOS is continuous, while GOS is temporal (i.e., few hours).\u00a0 Finally, more research and a robust diagnostic tool to measure BLOS are imperative.<\/p>\n

CALCULATIONS<\/h2>\n

Here is more details on the BLOS# calculation.<\/p>\n

STEP 1<\/h3>\n

In Step 1, I used Figure 5 from the publication cited to estimate the number of ROS+ blood cells for each pair of samples collected from the six volunteers.\u00a0 For Volunteer A, I estimated the Venous Count (blue dashed line) at 275 and the Arterial Count (red dashed line) at 150.\u00a0 I recorded the pair of values for each Volunteer in my Excel workbook.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Step 1 of 2 for calculating the contribution of both sources of Oxidative Stress<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

STEP 2<\/h3>\n

In Step 2, I used a conversion factor from the publication where BLOS# of 17 is equivalent to 126 ROS+ blood cells.\u00a0 I applied this conversion factor (count x conversion factor) to each count and computed a BLOS# for the Venous and Arterial counts for each Volunteer (lower table).\u00a0 The difference (Venous BLOS# – Arterial BLOS#) is the contribution of General Oxidative Stress to the volunteer’s Total Oxidative Stress.\u00a0 Keep in mind that Small Vessel Disease (SVD) could also play a role.\u00a0 SVD is probably doubtful for all of the non-hospitalized volunteers except one that reported Hypertension.<\/p>\n

Which volunteer has Hypertension?\u00a0 We will never know, but my money is on Volunteer A (the highest Venous BLOS#).<\/p>\n

\"\"
Step 2 of 2 for Calculating the Contribution of Both Sources of Oxidative Stress<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Healthy vs. Non-Hospitalized<\/h3>\n

Remember that this data corresponds to the “Healthy” group, but the description of “non-hospitalized” is more accurate.\u00a0 From this group, we learn that the minimum BLOS# is 5.4% (Volunteer D), which may provide guidance on a BLOS# that actually corresponds to “healthy”.\u00a0 However, Volunteer D also has a GOS# (General Oxidative Stress #) of 8.8%.\u00a0 Is this person healthy?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Is there a Healthy Level of BLOS?<\/h3>\n

What else can we learn from this analysis?\u00a0 The range of BLOS# is 5.4%-20.2%, while the range for the GOS# is 0 (-2.0%) to 16.9%.\u00a0 A comparison of the Averages of the BLOS# and GOS# suggests that BLOS is the more important source of Oxidative Stress.\u00a0 It also appears that half of this group do not suffer from any significant GOS.<\/p>\n

Comparison of Two Sources of Oxidative Stress<\/h2>\n

The following table provides a summary of the main characteristics of the two sources of Oxidative Stress.\u00a0 GOS is still undefined with respect to the primary cause, tissue location, and duration.\u00a0 It is doubtful that it will ever be defined.\u00a0 In contrast, BLOS is defined (ROS+ blood cells) and appears to be the dominant source of Oxidative Stress.\u00a0 One theory proposes that diet is the origin of BLOS.\u00a0 Certainly, BLOS# measurements during the course of dietary studies will test this hypothesis.<\/p>\n

\"Oxdiative<\/a>
Comparison of the two sources of Oxidative Stress.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Take Home Message<\/h2>\n

The data reviewed in the Post suggests that BLOS is the primary source (90% or more) of Oxidative Stress and demands more research.\u00a0 With the lowest reported BLOS level of 10%, it is unclear whether this is a healthy value.\u00a0 So, the only way to study GOS is to have a method for managing BLOS.\u00a0 Two different sources of Oxidative Stress causes confusion in medical research regarding dietary advice, fitness tips, and pharmaceutical research<\/a>.\u00a0 I will\u00a0 post more information on these topics in the near future.<\/p>\n

Gllixin Helps You Fight BLOS!<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Our\u00a0Glixin Store<\/a> offers quality products to help you manage BLOS.\u00a0 Currently, I have eBooks (and Books) that provide five different strategies for Hacking BLOS and the many associated health problems<\/a>.\u00a0 The BLOS World Store offers BLOS Health Hack Kits<\/a> that provide essential and optional products through Amazon.<\/p>\n

\"Infographic<\/a>
BLOS Hack Kits include an eBook or Paperback Version of my Strategy Guide, essential products for evaluating BLOS and other important bio-indicators of health.\u00a0 Optional products may improve fitness and diet.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Glixin In For The Long Haul!<\/h2>\n

Finally, we will provide useful information about food to help you with your fight against BLOS.\u00a0 Most noteworthy, BLOS is thought to cause multiple human health problems including: Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension, and a greater risk for Cancer.\u00a0 So, it is important for you to learn as much about BLOS by reviewing the information at Glixin.<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0If you enjoy this post, then you can subscribe to my blog.<\/p>\n

Click on the image below to download our Free Report on the Best Vitamin C Supplement for fighting Oxidative Stress.<\/p>\n

\"Download<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What is Oxidative Stress?\u00a0 Let’s review the two sources of Oxidative Stress and determine which source is more important.\u00a0 General Oxidative Stress (GOS) is thought to be the only source of Oxidative Stress.\u00a0 However, Blood can also generate Oxidative Stress, which is also known as BLOS.\u00a0 This post provides information about why BLOS is more […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4089,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":{"twitter_332369151_332369151":""},"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[7],"tags":[71,112,16,60],"class_list":["post-191","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-oxidative-stress-general-information","tag-oxidativestress","tag-blood-testing","tag-blos","tag-oxidative-stress"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat is Oxidative Stress? 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